SIMPLE PRESENT

O “Simple Present” é usado para ações do dia a dia, habituais.
Nesse caso, a frase vem geralmente acompanhada por um advérbio de frequência.
Usado também para indicar fatos reais, uma verdade universal, ações no futuro, horário oficial, opinião e narrativas. Nas terceiras pessoas do singular, na forma afirmativa, acrescentamos -S, -ES ou
-IES, sufixos que variam de acordo com a terminação do verbo. Nas formas interrogativas e negativas usamos os auxiliares “Does” para as terceiras pessoas e “Do” para as demais, e os verbos permanecem na
forma base (infinitivo sem o “to”).”
A conjugação do “Simple Present” é:

II. Quando estabelece um fato, uma verdade universal, uma informação cientí ca.
Exemplos:
The earth goes round the sun.
Brazilian people drink more beer than Americans.
She loves David.

III. Numa narrativa quando descreve características regulares de uma pessoa ou coisa.
Exemplos:
I live in a town on the south part of the country. I work at home, but
I often visit other countries abroad on business. I have three children, one is still at school and the other goes to the University of Michigan.
I speak French and German, and I know a bit of Chinese. I don’t like sports but I enjoy soccer. I don’t smoke, but I drink a lot of beer.

IV. Quando se estabelece uma opinião.
Exemplos:
She thinks Paris is better than New York to live.
In my opinion, vanilla is tastier than chocolate.
They believe they will succeed at that company.

V. Descrevendo um evento que acontecerá no futuro, geralmente com hora e ou data o cial.
Verbos que são sempre usados no “Simple Present”
– Opinions: assume, believe, consider, feel, think, find, suggest, suppose.
– Mental states: expect, forget, imagine, know, mean, notice, remember, understand
– Emotions/Feeling: care, envy, fear, hate, like, love, mind, prefer, regret, want, wish, detest.
– Possession: belong to, have, hold, own, possess.
– Measure/Relation: contain, cost, hold, measure, weigh, fit, carry
– Perception: touch, see, hear, smell
– Others: apply for, depend on, deserve, differ, exist, interest, look (resemble)

Observação
Alguns desses verbos podem ser usados no “Present Continuous” quando estiverem exercendo a função de ação (action) no contexto. Veja a diferença:
Exemplo:
She considers her father a loveable person. (opinião dela em relação ao seu pai, usa o “Simple Present).
She is considering her father’s proposal in her room. (neste caso ela está pensando sobre o problema “é uma ação”, usa o “Present Continuous”).

• Todos os verbos no “Simple Present” são acrescidos de um -S na 3a pessoa do singular (he, she, it).
love → loves
take → takes
think → thinks

• Verbos terminados em -CH, -O, -SH, -SS, -X e -Z recebem a terminação -ES.
catch → catches
go → goes
slash → slashes
miss → misses
mix → mixes
buzz → buzzes

• Verbos terminados em -Y precedido de consoante substituem o -Y por -IES.
carry → carries
copy → copies
study → studies
worry → worries

• Verbos terminados em -Y precedido de vogal recebem a terminação -S, normalmente.
enjoy → enjoys
stay → stays
play → plays
buy → buys

Observação
Os auxiliares “do” e “does” são usados em frases afirmativas para indicar ênfases, sempre concordando com o sujeito da oração.
Exemplos:
I do love chocolate.
She does think Miami is the best place to live in The USA.

TEXT COMPREHENSION

TEXT 1
One of the major effects of eating too much sugar is a high incidence of tooth decay. When we eat something with sugar in it, particularly re ned sugar, enzymes in the saliva in the mouth
begin to work immediately to change that sugar into a type of carbohydrate. ¢As one eats, particles of the sugary food get stuck between the teeth and around the gums. As the food changes its chemical composition, the resultant carbohydrate produces bacteria that begin to eat away at the enamel on the outside of our teeth. This is actually the decaying of the tooth. Now, if this process happens each time we eat sugar, we can see that eating excessive amounts of sugar causes more and more tooth decay. It is true that some tooth decay can be avoided with immediate brushing after eating, removing all the particles of food trapped in the teeth. However, sweets are often eaten as snacks between meals and during the day, times when people generally do not brush after eating. Therefore, the dangerous process of tooth decay is allowed to continue.
(Smalley, R. L. and Hank, M.R., REFINING COMPOSITION SKILLS. 2012, Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., p.255.)

1. (CESGRANRIO) According to the text, whenever we eat sugary food…
   a) enzymes change it into re ned sugar.
   b) there is a low incidence of tooth decay.
   c) the sugar in the mouth turns into saliva.
   d) the teeth begin to work into the carbohydrates.
   e) a type of carbohydrate is produced by the saliva.
2. (CESGRANRIO) According to the text, eating large amounts of sugar…
   a) results in accumulating weight.
   b) causes growing chemical composition.
   c) postpones the process of tooth decay.
   d) brings about the decaying of the teeth.
   e) wears away carbohydrate gain in the body.
3. (CESGRANRIO) According to the text, what happens to the food we eat?
   a) It gets stuck when we eat gum.
   b) It is eaten away by the bacteria.
   c) It attacks the enamel covering the teeth.
   d) It produces particles of bacteria in the mouth.
   e) It has its chemical composition changed in the mouth.
4. (CESGRANRIO) Bacteria are very small organisms which…
   a) re ne sugary food around the gums.
   b) wear away the enamel of the teeth.
   c) result in carbohydrates in the mouth.
   d) change the composition of the process.
   e) stick to the particles of sugary food.
5. (CESGRANRIO) In order to prevent tooth decay one should…
   a) remove the decayed tooth.
   b) avoid eating particles of food.
   c) eat neither between meals nor during the day.
   d) brush the teeth immediately before eating.
   e) brush the teeth immediately after having eaten.